Labour Market 
Assistance Outcomes
Year ending June 2005	
This report contains information about placements, commencements and post labour market assistance outcomes achieved for employment services managed by the Department of Employment and Workplace Relations.
Main features
Outcomes	
The positive outcomes (employment and/or education/training) rates achieved in the year ending June 2005, three months after leaving assistance were:
•	74% for Job Placement;
•	64% for Intensive Support job search training;
•	55% for Intensive Support customised assistance;
•	54% for Intensive Support;
•	85% for New Enterprise Incentive Scheme (NEIS);
•	41% for Work for the Dole;
•	44% for Community Work Placements;
•	71% for Indigenous Employment Programme Structured Training and Employment Projects (STEP);
•	73% for Indigenous Employment Programme Wage Assistance;
•	58% for Indigenous Employment Centres; and
•	57% for Transition to Work.	

Job Vacancies	
In the year to end June 2005, 2,572,500 vacancies were notified on the Australian Job Search database, of which over 995,400 were lodged by Job Network Members or Job Placement Organisations (including vacancies lodged through the Internet and Teleservicing).	

Job Placements	
In the year to end June 2005, over 665,500 Job Network eligible job seekers were placed into Job Placement vacancies by Job Network Members or Job Placement Organisations.	

Commencements	
In the year to 30 June 2005, commencements in the various types of labour market assistance included:
•	518,600 in Job Search Support;
•	384,200 in Intensive Support;
•	6,000 in NEIS;
•	6,800 in the STEP and Wage Assistance elements of the Indigenous Employment Programme;
•	2,700 in Indigenous Employment Centres;
•	81,900 in Work for the Dole; 
•	4,000 in Community Work Placement; and
•	11,600 in Transition to Work.	

Income Support	
In the year to end June 2005, the number of job seekers in receipt of Newstart or Youth Allowance (Other) decreased by just under 34,300 to around 568,500 job seekers.  The number of job seekers who were long-term recipients (ie on allowances for 12 months or more) decreased by just under 25,700 to around 332,700 while the number of short-term recipients decreased by under 8,600 to just over 235,700.	

In this issue	
Changes to the Employment Services Market 	Page 3
In this report… 	Page 3
Section 1: Labour Market Assistance Outcomes	Page 4
Table 1.1 Post assistance labour market outcomes year to end June 2005	Page 4
Table 1.2 Post assistance employment and positive outcomes year to end June 2005	Page 5
Table 1.3 Intensive Support: Post assistance outcomes year to end June 2005 	Page 6
Table 1.4 Intensive Support customised assistance: Post assistance outcomes year to end June 2005	Page 7
Table 1.5 Intensive Support job search training: Post assistance outcomes year to end June 2005	Page 8
Table 1.6 Job Placement: Post assistance outcomes year to end June 2005	Page 9
Table 1.7 New Enterprise Incentive Scheme: Post assistance outcomes year to end June 2005	Page 10
Table 1.8 Work for the Dole: Post assistance outcomes year to end June 2005	Page 11
Section 2: Trends in outcomes for Labour Market Assistance 	Page 12
Figure 2.1 Trends in outcomes for employment services 2000 – 2004	Page 12
Figure 2.2 Job Seeker Account Credits and Debits 2003/04 – 2004/05	Page 13
Figure 2.3 Trends in expenditure of Job Seeker Account 2003/04 – 2004/05	Page 14
Figure 2.4 Intensive Support post-assistance positive outcomes by use of Job Seeker Account – June 2005	Page 15
Figure 2.5 Intensive Support post-assistance positive outcomes by the types of Job Seeker Account expenditure – June 2005	Page 16
Section 3: Access to and Participation in Labour Market Assistance	Page 17
Table 3.1 Participation by type of labour market assistance in each of the past two years	Page 17
Table 3.2 Participation in Job Network assistance by job seeker characteristics: June 2005	Page 18
Table 3.3 AJS Vacancies and Job Placements by industry and ASCO codes: June 2005	Page 19
Table 3.4 Access to NEIS by job seeker characteristics year to end June 2005	Page 20
Table 3.5 Access to Work for the Dole by job seeker characteristics year to end June 2005	Page 21
Section 4: Participation and Outcomes by Region	Page 22
Table 4.1 Commencements in labour market assistance by region: June 2005	Page 22
Table 4.2 Job Placements by region: June 2005	Page 23
Table 4.3 Regional labour market post assistance employment outcomes year to end June 2005 	Page 24
Section 5: Impact on Income Support Recipients	Page 25
Figure 5.1 Number of income support recipients 	Page 25
Figure 5.2 Three and six month off-benefit status of job seekers following assistance 	Page 26
Technical Notes	Page 27	
Time periods used in this report	
The Department’s Post Programme Monitoring (PPM) Survey measures outcomes achieved by job seekers three months after they exit labour market assistance.  This report contains outcomes data for job seekers who exited assistance in the 12 months to 31 March 2005 and their post assistance outcomes achieved by 30 June 2005.  
Intensive Support post assistance outcomes should not be confused with paid interim or paid final outcomes.  Post assistance outcomes are all employment and education outcomes while paid outcomes relate to a subset of employment and education outcomes where Job Network members receive payment for outcomes. 
Commencement and placement data, derived from DEWR and Centrelink administrative systems, relate to job seekers who were placed in a job or commenced labour market assistance between 1 July 2004 and 30 June 2005 and 1 July 2003 and 30 June 2004.  	
	
More information……	
For further information, please contact Michael Cameron (02) 6121 7240 or e-mail sarah.crooks@dewr.gov.au.
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Department of Employment and Workplace Relations 
http://www.workplace.gov.au/	

Changes to the Employment Services Market

The Active Participation Model
On 1 July 2003, significant changes were introduced to the employment services market.  The Active Participation Model (announced in the 2002–03 Budget) provides on-going customised service to job seekers and has a number of innovative features, such as a Job Seeker Account to fund preparation of job seekers for work. 
Participation in the Active Participation Model
On registration with Centrelink, each eligible job seeker is referred to a single Job Network member who will provide services to them while they remain eligible for assistance.  Two services are delivered by all Job Network members under the Active Participation Model:
•	Job Search Support; and
•	Intensive Support.
Job Search Support services are available to all eligible job seekers immediately upon registration by Centrelink or a Job Network member and continue until the job seeker leaves employment services.  On first contact with their Job Network member, job seekers have their vocational profile entered into the JobSearch database for daily matching against new job vacancies.  Job seekers also have access to a range of other job search facilities such as touchscreens, computers and faxes as well as assistance in the preparation of job applications.
If an eligible job seeker has not found work within the first three months of Job Search Support, their Job Network member will arrange for them to participate in Intensive Support.  Job search training is the first element of Intensive Support.  It assists job seekers to obtain employment through individually tailored assistance that is designed to improve their job search skills, confidence and expand their job search networks.
After six months of unemployment (and periodically thereafter), most activity-tested job seekers will be required to fulfil a Mutual Obligation requirement.  During these periods, job seekers will remain in Intensive Support and it will be the responsibility of their Job Network member to ensure that they continue to be actively engaged in job search activities and improving their job prospects.  
Job seekers who have been unemployed for at least 12 months or are identified by Centrelink as being highly disadvantaged at registration will receive Intensive Support customised assistance.  Over a six month period this service provides customised assistance to address individual barriers to employment and tailor the job seeker’s efforts in looking for work.  In Intensive Support customised assistance, a job seeker’s Job Network member will have up to $1,350 credited to their Job Seeker Account for the purchase of services and products to assist them to find employment.
Results for Active Participation Model assistance
Results for the employment services provided under the Active Participation Model have progressively become available.  Reliable outcomes estimates cannot be produced until a sufficient number of clients have received assistance and subsequently been surveyed.  Results for Job Placement and Intensive Support job search training have been published onwards from the June 2004 edition Labour Market Assistance Outcomes.  Intensive Support customised assistance outcome results have been published in reports from September 2004 with outcomes for the Intensive Support stream of assistance reported since the December 2004 edition of Labour Market Assistance Outcomes.  

In this report….

Outcomes for Indigenous Employment Centres (IECs) are reported for the first time.  IECs are established by Community Development Employment Projects (CDEPs) located in areas with good job opportunities and help CDEP participants find long term jobs.  
Analysis on the Job Seeker Account is also provided in this report.  The trend in usage and on which types of assistance that is used to fund are assessed, as well as differences in post-assistance outcomes from the different types of expenditure.  

Section 1: Labour Market Assistance Outcomes

Post assistance labour market outcomes
Table 1.1 shows labour market outcomes and further assistance levels of all job seekers three months after leaving the various types of employment assistance.  
Employment outcomes for Indigenous Employment Centres (IECs) are very encouraging.  Almost half of the participants who complete their period of assistance from their IEC provider are employed three months later.  
Job seekers are categorised as employed, unemployed or not in the labour force.  A proportion of these clients are also recorded as being in further assistance.
In editions of Labour Market Assistance Outcomes pre-June 2004, employment, unemployment, not in the labour force and further assistance outcomes were recorded as being mutually exclusive outcomes (ie. they added up to 100%).
As jobseekers are continuously in assistance under the Active Participation Model, clients in further assistance are surveyed and their responses are used to determine their labour market status. 
Care should also be taken when comparing outcomes for current services with labour market programmes operating before the introduction of Job Network.  The Technical Notes at the end of this report discuss these issues further.

Table 1.1: Post assistance1 labour market outcomes year to end June 2005

Labour market assistance	
Employed
(%)	
Unemployed
(%)	Not in the Labour Force
(%)	Further Assistance2
(%)	
Exits
(number)	
Job Placement	70.2	24.2	5.6	na	87,664	
Job Network eligible (JNE)	65.5	28.6	5.9	na	49,533	
Job Search Support Only (JSSO)	77.0	18.0	5.1	na	38,131	
Intensive Support	45.9	44.3	9.8	2.8	403,309	
Intensive Support job search training	55.0	38.6	6.4	3.0	161,969	
Intensive Support customised assistance	45.8	43.2	11.0	5.8	274,468	
Non highly-disadvantaged	50.8	40.5	8.7	6.5	160,804	
Highly disadvantaged	38.4	47.2	14.4	4.8	113,664	
NEIS	83.2	11.6	5.2	2.0	5,779	
Work for the Dole	32.3	57.7	10.0	34.8	80,770	
Community Work	33.6	55.1	11.3	41.8	4,618	
IEP – STEP	60.6	31.2	8.2	12.6	4,326	
IEP - Wage Assistance	71.3	24.5	4.2	22.6	2,922	
Indigenous Employment Centres	49.0	38.9	12.1	37.7	2,450	
Transition to Work	36.7	39.7	23.6	9.8	14,557	

1.	Post assistance outcomes are measured three months after the job seeker ceases assistance and relate to job seekers who were in-scope for inclusion in the Intensive Support sample and job seekers who ceased Intensive Support customised assistance, Intensive Support job search training, New Enterprise Incentive Scheme (NEIS), Work for the Dole, Community Work, Transition to Work, Indigenous Employment Programme (IEP), Structured Training and Employment Projects (STEP) and IEP Wage Assistance or achieved an eligible Job Network placement between 1 April 2004 and 31 March 2005.  Employment outcomes exclude Indigenous job seekers who return to Community Development Employment Projects (CDEP) after leaving labour market assistance.
2.	Further assistance includes commencements in DEWR funded labour market assistance.  Job seekers who do not achieve an employment outcome are treated as either unemployed or not in the labour force. 

Source: The Post Programme Monitoring Survey conducted three months after job seekers cease assistance.

Post assistance employment and positive outcomes
Table 1.2 shows job seekers’ shares of full-time and part-time employment, education/training and positive outcomes three months after leaving different types of labour market assistance.
Education and training outcomes include job seekers who are studying at a secondary school or college, TAFE, business college or university three months after ceasing labour market assistance. 
Positive outcome rates for Indigenous Employment Centres are strong.  With around half in employment (with a substantial bias towards full-time work) and over twenty percent studying, nearly sixty percent of participants achieved a positive outcome. 
This bias towards full-time employment is indicative of the success of Indigenous specific assistance, with both the STEP and Wage Assistance components of the Indigenous Employment Policy also achieve considerable more full-time than part-time employment outcomes.

Table 1.2: Post assistance1 employment and positive outcomes year to end June 2005

Labour market assistance	Full-time Employed
(%)	Part-time Employed
(%)	Total
Employed
(%)	Education & Training
(%)	Positive Outcomes2
(%)	
Exits
(number)	
Job Placement	44.0	26.3	70.2	13.2	74.0	87,664	
Job Network eligible (JNE)	40.9	24.6	65.5	12.3	69.5	49,533	
Job Search Support Only (JSSO)	48.4	28.5	77.0	14.5	80.6	38,131	
Intensive Support	18.0	28.0	45.9	12.3	54.3	403,309	
Intensive Support job search training	25.8	29.1	55.0	15.3	64.3	161,969	
Intensive Support customised assistance	16.8	29.0	45.8	12.1	54.8	274,468	
Non highly-disadvantaged	19.1	31.7	50.8	11.4	58.8	160,804	
Highly disadvantaged	13.4	25.0	38.4	13.0	48.9	113,664	
NEIS	48.6	34.6	83.2	9.8	85.2	5,779	
Work for the Dole	15.4	16.9	32.3	11.7	41.2	80,770	
Community Work	11.8	21.8	33.6	15.2	44.2	4,618	
IEP - STEP	44.9	15.8	60.6	27.2	71.0	4,326	
IEP - Wage Assistance	53.7	17.6	71.3	22.4	73.3	2,922	
Indigenous Employment Centres	36.6	12.3	49.0	22.3	58.0	2,450	
Transition to Work	6.0	30.7	36.7	27.9	56.7	14,557	

1.	Post assistance outcomes are measured three months after the job seeker ceases assistance and relate to job seekers who were in-scope for inclusion in the Intensive Support sample and job seekers who ceased Intensive Support customised assistance, Intensive Support job search training, New Enterprise Incentive Scheme (NEIS), Work for the Dole, Community Work, Transition to Work, Indigenous Employment Programme (IEP), Structured Training and Employment Projects (STEP) and IEP Wage Assistance or achieved an eligible Job Network placement between 1 April 2004 and 31 March 2005.  
2.	Positive outcomes include employment and education/training outcomes.  Positive outcomes are less than the sum of employment and education/training outcomes because some job seekers achieve both an employment and an education outcome.  Positive and employment outcomes exclude Indigenous job seekers who return to Community Development Employment Projects (CDEP) after leaving labour market assistance.

Source: The Post Programme Monitoring Survey conducted three months after job seekers cease assistance.

Intensive Support
Table 1.3 reports the post assistance outcomes achieved by the in-scope population for Intensive Support, who commenced assistance between 1 July 2003 and 31 March 2004 and became in-scope for survey between 1 April 2004 and 31 March 2005 and outcomes achieved three months later, up to 30 June 2005.  

The in-scope population includes: those who exited Intensive Support; began a payable outcome period; or reached twelve months of participation in APM in the twelve months to 31 March 2005.  See technical notes at the end of this report for further information on the in-scope population.
Overall, over half of the participants are in employment and/or education three months after their labour market status is measured. 

Table 1.3: Intensive Support: Post assistance outcomes year to end June 20051
	Employment	Education& Training
(%)	Positive Outcomes2
(%)	In-scope population3
(number)	

Job seeker characteristics	
Full-time
(%)	
Part-time
(%)	Total Employed
(%)				
Age Group (years)							
15 to 20	21.6	25.9	47.5	16.6	58.0	71,160	
21 to 24	23.5	28.2	51.7	15.3	60.9	61,505	
25 to 34	21.1	27.6	48.6	12.5	56.8	93,641	
35 to 49	16.2	29.7	45.9	12.0	54.3	115,713	
50 or more	12.4	26.9	39.3	8.9	46.1	61,290	
Duration on income support (months) 							
0 to less than 6	25.1	28.4	53.5	13.3	62.0	172,285	
6 to less than 12	17.3	28.6	45.9	13.6	55.1	38,007	
12 to less than 24	15.0	28.1	43.1	12.4	51.6	51,503	
24 to less than 36	12.4	28.4	40.8	11.2	48.5	30,494	
36 or more	8.5	27.0	35.5	10.5	43.4	90,336	
Educational attainment 							
Less than Year 10	11.6	23.5	35.1	8.6	42.1	75,380	
Year 10 or 11	16.6	27.3	43.9	9.5	50.7	141,284	
Year 12	20.6	30.4	51.0	16.8	61.7	77,044	
Post Secondary	22.8	30.5	53.2	15.3	62.7	93,424	
Unknown	17.3	28.1	45.4	13.7	54.4	16,177	
Gender							
Males	20.2	23.4	43.6	9.6	50.5	262,735	
Females	14.3	35.2	49.6	16.6	60.2	140,574	
Equity Groups4							
Disability	10.4	25.0	35.4	10.9	43.5	34,813	
Indigenous	14.6	17.4	32.0	9.7	38.8	31,694	
CALD5	15.8	24.6	40.5	17.8	54.8	65,455	
Sole Parents	11.1	36.6	47.7	16.6	59.0	17,736	
Total	18.0	28.0	45.9	12.3	54.3	403,309	
1.	Job seekers who commenced Intensive Support between 1 July 2003 and 31 March 2004 and left Intensive Support or were receiving Intensive Support assistance for 12 months between 1 April 2004 and 31 March 2005 and outcomes achieved by 30 June 2005.  The commencement period is limited to ensure that only those participants that could have reached 12 months participation in Intensive Support are included in the in-scope sample.
2.	Positive outcomes include employment and education/training outcomes. Positive outcomes are less than the sum of employment and education/training outcomes because some job seekers achieve both an employment and an education/training outcome. Positive and employment outcomes exclude Indigenous job seekers who return to Community Development Employment Projects (CDEP) after leaving labour market assistance.
3.	See the technical notes at the end of the report for a definition of the in-scope population.  
4.	Equity groups are not mutually exclusive.
5.	People from Culturally and Linguistically Diverse backgrounds from other than main English Speaking countries.
Source: The Post Programme Monitoring Survey conducted three months after job seekers cease assistance.

Intensive Support customised assistance
Table 1.4 shows the post assistance outcomes achieved by those who left Intensive Support customised assistance between 1 April 2004 and 31 March 2005 and outcomes achieved three months later, up to 30 June 2005.  

Outcomes for Intensive Support customised assistance continue to trend up, with positive outcomes up close to two percentage points in the 12 months that outcomes have been reported.  Most encouraging has been the three percentage point increase in outcomes for the Highly Disadvantaged job seekers.

Table 1.4: Intensive Support customised assistance: Post assistance outcomes year to end June 20051
	Employment	Education& Training
(%)	Positive Outcomes2
(%)	Exits
(number)	

Job seeker characteristics	
Full-time
(%)	
Part-time
(%)	Total Employed
(%)				
Disadvantage status							
Non-highly disadvantaged3	19.1	31.7	50.8	11.4	58.8	160,804	
Highly disadvantaged4	13.4	25.0	38.4	13.0	48.9	113,664	
Age Group (years)							
15 to 20	19.4	25.6	45.0	15.8	56.9	50,596	
21 to 24	20.3	29.1	49.4	16.0	60.8	37,036	
25 to 34	19.2	28.6	47.8	12.9	56.8	59,224	
35 to 49	16.3	31.8	48.2	12.0	57.0	77,603	
50 or more	12.1	28.5	40.6	8.9	47.5	50,009	
Duration on income support (months) 		
0 to less than 6	21.5	26.8	48.3	13.1	58.4	61,117	
6 to less than 12	20.8	33.1	53.9	12.8	62.7	42,690	
12 to less than 24	18.1	29.5	47.6	13.9	58.1	57,886	
24 to less than 36	15.3	28.7	44.0	12.5	53.0	29,025	
36 or more	10.4	27.8	38.2	9.9	45.9	78,339	
Educational attainment 							
Less than Year 10	12.2	23.9	36.1	9.1	43.8	65,538	
Year 10 or 11	16.6	28.9	45.5	9.5	52.6	104,766	
Year 12	19.2	31.8	50.9	16.5	63.0	48,552	
Post Secondary	20.0	32.5	52.5	15.3	63.3	52,739	
Unknown	20.1	28.7	48.9	14.1	57.2	2,873	
Gender							
Males	19.0	24.7	43.7	9.6	51.3	172,954	
Females	13.2	35.9	49.1	15.8	60.2	101,514	
Equity Groups5							
Disability	11.6	26.4	38.0	10.3	45.9	30,450	
Indigenous	15.5	17.8	33.3	11.0	42.0	37,270	
CALD6	16.4	26.3	42.7	18.3	58.2	43,569	
Sole Parents	12.7	39.7	52.4	15.2	62.8	17,977	
Total	16.8	29.0	45.8	12.1	54.8	274,468	
1.	Job seekers who left Intensive Support customised assistance between 1 April 2004 and 31 March 2005 and outcomes achieved by 
30 June 2005.
2.	Positive outcomes include employment and education/training outcomes. Positive outcomes are less than the sum of employment and education/training outcomes because some job seekers achieve both an employment and an education/training outcome. Positive and employment outcomes exclude Indigenous job seekers who return to Community Development Employment Projects (CDEP) after leaving labour market assistance.
3.	Job seeker who had a JSCI score of 22 or less and would have access to customised assistance at 12 months unemployment.  
4.	Job seeker who had a JSCI score of 23 or above at time of registration and had access to customised assistance immediately
5.	Equity groups are not mutually exclusive.
6.	People from Culturally and Linguistically Diverse backgrounds from other than main English Speaking countries.
Source: The Post Programme Monitoring Survey conducted three months after job seekers cease assistance. 

Intensive Support job search training
Table 1.5 shows the post assistance outcomes achieved by those who left the Intensive Support job search training between 1 April 2004 and 31 March 2005 and outcomes achieved three months later, up to 30 June 2005.  
Post assistance outcomes for Intensive Support job search training participants by duration on allowance are not provided because almost all job seekers will access job search training immediately on their entry to the Intensive Support stream of assistance – which usually occurs at the three month mark of unemployment. 
Post-assistance outcomes for Intensive Support job search training remain strong.  Overall, 55% of participants were in employment three months after completing their period of job search training, highlighting the success of the assistance in finding clients jobs.

Table 1.5: Intensive Support job search training: Post assistance outcomes year to end June 20051
	Employment	Education& Training
(%)	Positive Outcomes2
(%)	Exits
(number)	

Job seeker characteristics	
Full-time
(%)	
Part-time
(%)	Total Employed
(%)				
Age Group (years)							
15 to 20	25.2	29.2	54.3	20.2	66.2	43,995	
21 to 24	29.4	30.7	60.1	18.7	71.0	33,949	
25 to 34	28.1	29.9	58.0	13.3	65.9	37,679	
35 to 49	25.5	28.6	54.2	12.3	62.2	32,116	
50 or more	19.5	28.0	47.4	9.5	53.9	14,230	
Educational attainment							
Less than Year 10	20.8	23.1	43.8	9.2	51.0	13,759	
Year 10 or 11	23.9	26.5	50.4	11.9	58.4	49,505	
Year 12	26.4	31.1	57.5	20.0	68.9	49,312	
Post Secondary	28.2	31.2	59.4	15.1	68.2	49,073	
Unknown	30.2	24.9	55.0	19.8	65.7	320	
Gender							
Males	29.0	24.1	53.1	12.8	61.5	98,238	
Females	21.6	36.0	57.6	18.4	68.0	63,731	
Equity Groups3							
Disability	20.0	25.0	45.0	14.1	54.4	3,567	
Indigenous	27.6	21.4	49.0	12.4	56.8	2,273	
CALD4	22.9	25.6	48.4	20.2	62.6	22,395	
Sole Parents	15.8	39.5	55.3	14.2	63.2	3,889	
Total	25.8	29.1	55.0	15.3	64.3	161,969	

1.	Job seekers who left Intensive Support job search training placements between 1 April 2004 and 31 March 2005 and outcomes achieved by 30 June 2005.
2.	Positive outcomes include employment and education/training outcomes. Positive outcomes are less than the sum of employment and education/training outcomes because some job seekers achieve both an employment and an education/training outcome. Positive and employment outcomes exclude Indigenous job seekers who return to Community Development Employment Projects (CDEP) after leaving labour market assistance.
3.	Equity groups are not mutually exclusive.
4.	People from Culturally and Linguistically Diverse backgrounds from other than main English Speaking countries.

Source: The Post Programme Monitoring Survey conducted three months after job seekers cease assistance.

Job Placement
Table 1.6 shows the post assistance outcomes achieved by those who achieved a Job Placement between 1 April 2004 and 31 March 2005 and outcomes achieved three months later, up to 30 June 2005.  
Post-assistance outcomes for Job Placement have sustained their high levels, with around three-quarters of participants in employment and/or education three months after their original job placement.  The consistency in outcomes among the different age groups in particular is encouraging.  

Table 1.6: Job Placements: Post assistance outcomes year to end June 20051
	Employment	Education& Training
(%)	Positive Outcomes2
(%)	Exits
(number)	

Job seeker characteristics	
Full-time
(%)	
Part-time
(%)	Total Employed
(%)				
Age Group (years)							
15 to 20	47.5	23.8	71.3	24.6	77.3	30,111	
21 to 24	43.9	23.2	67.1	14.8	71.7	17,707	
25 to 34	43.4	26.4	69.8	9.8	73.1	25,935	
35 to 49	42.2	28.4	70.7	7.5	73.1	23,846	
50 or more	40.7	30.3	71.0	4.9	73.1	7,542	
Duration on income support (months) 3		
0 to less than 6	46.1	25.5	71.6	14.0	75.7	33,345	
6 to less than 12	39.4	24.5	63.9	13.7	68.4	9,407	
12 to less than 24	36.2	22.2	58.4	9.5	62.0	7,059	
24 to less than 36	29.2	18.3	47.5	7.7	50.3	3,613	
36 or more	27.1	25.3	52.4	7.0	55.4	6,929	
Educational attainment 3							
Less than Year 10	35.3	18.0	53.3	6.3	56.1	8,592	
Year 10 or 11	38.8	24.6	63.4	9.5	67.2	26,051	
Year 12	43.9	26.4	70.3	19.3	75.9	17,888	
Post Secondary	43.7	25.7	69.4	11.6	72.6	6,369	
Unknown	41.3	29.0	70.3	15.6	73.2	1,453	
Gender							
Males	49.8	18.1	67.8	10.8	71.2	67,643	
Females	35.8	37.7	73.5	16.6	77.9	37,498	
Equity Groups3							
Disability	27.7	25.0	52.7	8.1	56.3	4,876	
Indigenous	35.4	15.7	51.1	12.8	55.3	2,704	
CALD4	36.6	24.3	60.9	13.9	68.8	5,831	
Sole Parents	27.7	40.4	68.2	10.6	72.3	2,442	
Job Network eligible (FJNE) 5	40.9	24.6	65.5	12.3	69.5	60,353	
Job Search Support Only (JSSO) 6	48.4	28.5	77.0	14.5	80.6	44,788	
Total	44.0	26.3	70.2	13.2	74.0	105,141	
1.	Job seekers who were placed in a Job Network eligible job between 1 April 2004 and 31 March 2005 and outcomes achieved by 
30 June 2005.  For job seekers who achieved a Job Placement within three months of leaving labour market assistance such as Intensive Support job search training, Intensive Support customised assistance and Work for the Dole, the outcome is excluded from Job Placement but included under the programme or service they participated in. Outcomes estimates are based on a 25% sample of job seekers.
2.	Positive outcomes include employment and education/training outcomes. Positive outcomes are less than the sum of employment and education/training outcomes because some job seekers achieve both an employment and an education/training outcome. Positive and employment outcomes exclude Indigenous job seekers who return to Community Development Employment Projects (CDEP) after leaving labour market assistance.
3.	Outcomes refer to Fully Job Network Eligible (FJNE) job seekers only as educational attainment and equity group details are not recorded for Job Search Support Only (JSSO) and JSSO job seekers are not on income support.  Equity groups are not mutually exclusive.
4.	People from Culturally and Linguistically Diverse backgrounds from other than main English Speaking countries.
5.	Includes Fully Job Network Eligible (FJNE) job seekers who may be eligible for other Job Network services.
6.	Includes Job Search Support Only (JSSO) job seekers who are only eligible for Job Search Support services.  
Source: The Post Programme Monitoring Survey conducted three months after job seekers cease assistance.

New Enterprise Incentive Scheme
Table 1.7 shows the post assistance outcomes achieved by those who left the New Enterprise Incentive Scheme (NEIS) between 1 April 2004 and 31 March 2005 and outcomes achieved three months later, up to 30 June 2005.  
Traditionally NEIS has always experienced higher outcomes compared to other types of labour market assistance.  This is due in part to the careful selection of viable businesses by NEIS providers prior to the commencement in assistance, as well as the characteristics of job seekers involved.
Post-assistance outcomes for NEIS continue to remain strong and well above stated targets.  As was also observed in relation to Job Placement outcomes, there appears little difference in positive outcome rates in relation to the age (and also the education attainment level) of the client.  

Table 1.7: New Enterprise Incentive Scheme: Post assistance outcomes year to end June 20051
	Employment	Education& Training
(%)	Positive Outcomes3
(%)	Exits
(number)	

Job seeker characteristics	Self Employed2
(%)	
Employed
(%)	Total Employed
(%)				
Age Group (years)							
15 to 20	na	na	na	na	na	na	
21 to 24	64.8	20.3	85.0	12.4	87.0	542	
25 to 34	70.7	15.2	85.8	10.9	87.8	1,936	
35 to 49	67.6	13.6	81.2	9.1	83.0	2,391	
50 or more	68.4	14.5	82.9	8.9	85.7	819	
Duration on income support (months)		
0 to less than 6	71.5	17.8	89.3	11.4	91.2	2,707	
6 to less than 12	68.7	15.1	83.8	9.2	85.3	1,178	
12 to less than 24	69.4	11.7	81.1	7.2	82.3	773	
24 to less than 36	57.1	15.0	72.1	15.9	79.7	374	
36 or more	55.0	9.2	64.2	4.9	65.5	651	
Educational attainment							
Less than Year 10	na	na	na	na	na	na	
Year 10 or 11	63.3	16.1	79.4	5.4	81.3	916	
Year 12	63.1	18.1	81.2	11.8	82.4	950	
Post Secondary	71.5	14.7	86.3	11.1	88.5	3,079	
Unknown	70.0	12.5	82.5	8.3	84.6	592	
Gender							
Males	69.4	14.7	84.4	8.0	86.0	3,289	
Females	66.4	15.4	81.8	12.2	84.3	2,490	
Equity Groups4							
Disability	65.0	12.0	77.0	6.7	78.6	436	
Indigenous	na	na	na	na	na	na	
CALD5	66.9	18.2	85.1	11.1	87.8	935	
Sole Parents	56.1	22.2	78.4	16.5	81.9	378	
Total	68.0	15.2	83.2	9.8	85.2	5,779	
1.	Job seekers who left NEIS placements between 1 April 2004 and 31 March 2005 and outcomes achieved by 30 June 2005.
2.	Includes a small proportion of participants who are self employed but in a business not set up under NEIS. 
3.	Positive outcomes include employment and education/training outcomes. Positive outcomes are less than the sum of employment and education/training outcomes because some job seekers achieve both an employment and an education/training outcome. Positive and employment outcomes exclude Indigenous job seekers who return to Community Development Employment Projects (CDEP) after leaving labour market assistance.
4.	Equity groups are not mutually exclusive.
5.	People from Culturally and Linguistically Diverse backgrounds from other than main English Speaking countries.
na.	Not available as the estimate is based on a small number of known outcomes.

Source: The Post Programme Monitoring Survey conducted three months after job seekers cease assistance.

Work for the Dole
The Work for the Dole (WfD) Programme aims to develop the work habits of participants through involving them in quality projects that are of value to the community.  Employment outcomes are not part of the programme’s immediate objectives but are included here as they demonstrate the success of work experience and increased job search activity.  
Outcomes relate to WfD participants referred to Community Work Coordinators (CWC).  
Job seekers are required to participate in WfD for up to six months over a twelve month period.  This means that job seekers can participate in a number of projects with different CWC’s before completing their placement.  For the purposes of PPM, job seekers are surveyed whenever they have a break between CWC placements of more than 3 months since their last CWC placement in a twelve month period.  Job seekers aged 50 years or more who participate in Work for the Dole are volunteers. 
It should be noted that outcomes levels may change under the APM from pre-APM levels due to changes in the PPM survey methodology.  See the technical notes for more information.

Table 1.8: Work for the Dole: Post assistance outcomes year to end June 20051
	Employment	Education& Training
(%)	Positive Outcomes3
(%)	Exits
(number)	

Job seeker characteristics	
Full-time
(%)	
Part-time
(%)	Total Employed
(%)				
Age Group (years)							
15 to 20	17.1	19.0	36.2	16.7	49.2	11,174	
21 to 24	20.6	19.4	40.0	14.0	50.1	17,296	
25 to 34	16.1	16.9	33.0	10.1	40.6	24,514	
35 to 49	13.0	15.7	28.6	10.2	36.6	25,782	
50 or more	8.5	14.5	22.9	13.3	33.3	2,004	
Duration on income support (months)		
0 to less than 6	25.6	19.5	45.1	12.7	54.3	9,374	
6 to less than 12	20.7	18.7	39.4	15.8	50.5	17,959	
12 to less than 24	14.7	18.4	33.2	12.5	42.7	11,580	
24 to less than 36	14.2	19.2	33.4	12.2	42.8	10,799	
36 or more	10.1	14.1	24.2	8.9	31.6	31,010	
Educational attainment 3							
Less than Year 10	10.8	12.8	23.6	6.8	29.4	15,085	
Year 10 or 11	14.8	15.7	30.5	9.7	38.0	32,034	
Year 12	16.7	20.1	36.8	15.1	47.7	17,173	
Post Secondary	19.0	19.3	38.4	15.2	49.7	15,999	
Unknown	10.4	13.8	24.2	19.7	39.9	479	
Gender							
Males	17.5	14.0	31.5	9.5	38.9	58,006	
Females	11.0	23.2	34.2	16.5	46.3	22,764	
Equity Groups3							
Disability	9.3	15.4	24.7	9.2	32.2	6,662	
Indigenous	10.1	10.5	20.6	9.7	28.4	4,747	
CALD4	15.2	17.0	32.2	15.4	43.8	10,095	
Sole Parents	9.3	18.0	27.2	16.9	41.3	1,498	
Total	15.4	16.9	32.3	11.7	41.2	80,770	
1.	Job seekers who left a Work for the Dole project between 1 April 2004 and 31 March 2005 and outcomes achieved by 30 June 2005.
2.	Positive outcomes include employment and education/training outcomes. Positive outcomes are less than the sum of employment and education/training outcomes because some job seekers achieve both an employment and an education/training outcome. Positive and employment outcomes exclude Indigenous job seekers who return to Community Development Employment Projects (CDEP) after leaving labour market assistance.
3.	Equity groups are not mutually exclusive.
4.	People from Culturally and Linguistically Diverse backgrounds from other than main English Speaking countries.

Source: The Post Programme Monitoring Survey conducted three months after job seekers cease assistance.
Section 2: Trends in outcomes for Labour Market Assistance

An important measure of the effectiveness of employment assistance includes the long-term trends in outcomes.  It provides an assessment of whether over the period of operation of an intervention the service providers have developed effective servicing strategies.
These outcomes can be influenced by a range of exogenous factors such as the strength of the labour market, the distribution of available jobs and the position of the economy within the economic cycle. 
Similarly it would be expected that the in the period following the introduction of a new intervention, outcomes will increase at a faster rate than interventions that have been in place for a longer period of time, as the effective servicing strategies are developed.  
Figure 2.1 below, provides positive outcome results for the main employment services provided over the last five years (from March 2001).  For those interventions superseded by Active Participation Model assistance, the services they superseded are also included.  There is a break in the series of between three and five quarter during the transition from ESC2 to ESC3 for these interventions.  This was due to the fact that there were insufficient PPM survey responses to provide for robust outcome estimates.
It can be seen that outcomes for the suite of Job Network and Work for the Dole services have continued to trend up from the outcomes achieved under ESC2.  
Some of the growth can be attributed to changes to the methodology used for the Post Programme Monitoring survey.  See the technical notes at the end of this report for further information. 

Figure 2.1:  has been removed and replaced with a description of the image to ensure that the information is available to people with various information accessibility needs. The image is included in the PDF version of this publication

1.  Positive outcomes for: Job Matching/Job Placement (JM/JP); Job Search Training/Intensive Support job search training (JST/ISjst); Intensive Assistance/Intensive Support customised assistance (IA/ISca); New Enterprise Incentive Scheme (NEIS); and Work for the Dole (WfD) for Post Programme Monitoring outcomes from March 2001 to June 2005.  Positive outcomes include employment and education/training outcomes.  Positive outcomes exclude Indigenous job seekers who return to Community Development Employment Projects (CDEP) after leaving labour market assistance.

Job Seeker Account
The Job Seeker Account (JSKA) was an innovation introduced under the Active Participation Model (APM).  It provides Job Network members with a dedicated pool of funding to provide assistance that they believe can assist a job seeker to get a job.
Job Network member’s JSKA notional banks are credited as job seekers proceed through the APM continuum.  When a job seeker enters the Intensive Support customised assistance phase of assistance, between $900 and $1575 is credited to the JSKA depending on whether the job seeker has been categorised as Highly Disadvantaged and/or Locationally Disadvantaged.  
Job Network members have discretion in spending the funds available through the JSKA.  Taking into account the principles underlying expenditure and contractual requirements, they can make decisions about the type and level of assistance to provide based on job seekers’ individual employment needs and barriers.  The funds can be used, for example, to pay for a job seeker’s bus fare to an interview, to provide an employer with a wage subsidy to help a job seeker secure a job, or for access to interpreter services.  This flexibility gives the Job Network member the scope to fund the assistance that they believe would be the most beneficial to assist their clients into employment.  As such, there is no cap on the cost of assistance that a Job Network member can purchase through the Account for any single job seeker.  In determining the level of assistance Job Network members must, however, take the needs of all job seekers they assist into account.  
In the first two years of operation, over $395 million has been expended through the JSKA.  
As can be seen from Figure 2.2 below Job Network members were initially cautious in their use of the JSKA as they settled into the new model of service delivery.  By February 2004, however, expenditure began to increase, reflecting Job Network members’ confidence in using the JSKA.  Expenditure from the JSKA has now stabilised.

Figure 2.2:  has been removed and replaced with a description of the image to ensure that the information is available to people with various information accessibility needs. The image is included in the PDF version of this publication

1.  Debits include bulk acquittals

Job Seeker Account (continued)
It is also evident, that as Job Network members have become more accustomed to the JSKA, the way they use it has changed (see Figure 2.3).  In particular, the extent to which Job Network members use the JSKA for Employer Incentives has grown over time, though this is partly as a result of the increased use of the JSKA generally.  In comparison, growth in expenditure on Training, and Clothing and Equipment has not been as strong.  Nevertheless, Training remains the second most sizeable type of expenditure, with over $100 million spent on training assistance during the first two years of the APM.  This does not represent the total amount of money spent on training by Job Network members, as funds are also available through the Training Account initiative.  Overall expenditure on Training highlights the importance that Job Network members place on the development of job seekers’ skills and qualifications. 

Figure 2.3:  has been removed and replaced with a description of the image to ensure that the information is available to people with various information accessibility needs. The image is included in the PDF version of this publication

Job Seeker Account (continued)
Post assistance positive outcomes for job seekers in the Intensive Support stream of assistance are higher when clients have had JSKA funds expended on them.  It should be noted that the JSKA is but one tool available to Job Network members to help their clients into employment.
Job seekers who had JSKA assistance achieved both employment and education outcomes around two percentage points higher and positive outcome rates around three percentage points higher than those with no expenditure (see Figure 2.4).  This is a positive outcome given that the JSKA is aimed at addressing the barriers to employment of the job seekers who are most disadvantaged in the labour market.  

Figure 2.4:  has been removed and replaced with a description of the image to ensure that the information is available to people with various information accessibility needs. The image is included in the PDF version of this publication

Job Seeker Account (continued)
Differences in post-assistance positive outcomes are associated with the different types of assistance purchased with the Account.  
It should be noted at the outset that certain types of expenditure are more likely, for example, to occur at different times in a job seeker’s period of Job Network assistance.  Some expenditure types are more likely, for example, to occur after a job seeker has been placed in employment.  These will include both Employer Incentives and Post Placement Support, although it is likely Employer Incentives were agreed prior to the job seeker being placed in order to secure the job seekers employment.  Others are more likely to occur whilst job seekers are still in assistance.  
As Figure 2.5 shows, job seekers assisted with Employer Incentives through the JSKA achieved the highest post-assistance outcomes.  
Other types of JSKA expenditure that achieved high post-assistance outcome levels include the Interpreter Services, Clothing and Equipment, and Self-employment payments.  These results reflect expenditure based on a job seeker having secured a job with a particular need or a self employment opportunity.  
The post-assistance outcomes achieved by some of the other JSKA expenditures do not necessarily mean that other expenditures are not as effective.  The funding of Job Network Transport Costs, Professional Services, and Training are more likely to occur at the earlier stages of assistance.  These expenditures enable clients to be in a position to benefit from the assistance that would be made available to them through later JSKA expenditure and other assistance provided by their Job Network member.  
The benefits from these types of expenditure would be expected to take longer to materialise in terms of post-assistance outcomes.  

Figure 2.5:  has been removed and replaced with a description of the image to ensure that the information is available to people with various information accessibility needs. The image is included in the PDF version of this publication

1.  Due to the relatively small number of Relocation assistance expenditure within the sample, the outcome levels reported may be more susceptible to greater fluctuations than other expenditure types over time.

Sources: DEWR administrative data and the Post Programme Monitoring Survey conducted three months after job seekers cease assistance.

Section 3: Access to and Participation in Labour Market Assistance

Type of labour market assistance
Table 3.1 shows the commencements in employment assistance for the year to end June 2004 and the year to end June 2005.  
The table also shows the proportion of commencements by job seekers who had been receiving income support [Newstart and Youth Allowance (Other)] for 12 months or more (ie long-term unemployed).
Commencement numbers for Job Search Support and Intensive Support in the year to June 2004 are significantly higher than would be expected due to the transition of the stock of job seekers at the start of the APM.  The commencements for the year to June 2005 are not affected by the impact of the transition.
It is of note that the number of Job Placements achieved in the year to June 2005, is over 145,5000 more than was achieve in the year to June 2004.  This highlights that as the APM has become bedded down and the Job Network members have identified their most effective servicing strategies, the number of clients they have assisted into employment has grown substantially.  

Table 3.1: Participation by type of labour market assistance in each of the past two years1
	Year to end June 2004	Year to end June 2005	
Labour market assistance	Commencements
(number)	Proportion of long term recipients2
(%)	Commencements
(number)	Proportion of long term recipients2
(%)	
Job Search Support3	1,041,457	na	518,627	na	
Intensive Support4	598.848	na	384,155	na	
	job search training	150,423	na	144,382	na	
	customised assistance	305,615	na	237,552	na	
Job Placement	518,008	39.1	665,540	41.2	
NEIS	6,413	25.7	6,007	24.7	
Work for the Dole	74,556	66.5	81,912	66.3	
IEP – STEP	5,475	45.0	3,990	51.1	
IEP - Wage Assistance	2,825	41.1	2,844	46.9	
Indigenous Employment Centres	2,397	na	2,754	na	
Community Work Placements	4,625	68.4	3,964	67.5	
Transition to Work	11,886	29.7	11,647	38.5	
1.	Commencement or placement of job seekers in labour market assistance funded by DEWR for the two years of 1 July 2003 to 
30 June 2004 and 1 July 2004 to 30 June 2005.  
2.	The proportion of activity or non-activity tested job seekers who have been registered as unemployed for twelve months or more.   
3.	Job seekers with a registered Vocational Profile in the year up to 30 June 2005.  
4.	Job seekers who commenced any phase of assistance within the Intensive Support stream.

na 	not available.
 
Source: DEWR administrative systems.

Participation in Job Network assistance
Access to services and programmes by job seekers with different characteristics will depend on their eligibility and on their assessed capacity to benefit from the assistance provided.
Job seekers with particular characteristics may be under-represented in some types of assistance but over-represented in others. Hence, it is important to look at all types of assistance in assessing equity of assistance.  
Table 3.2 shows, for the range of Job Network services, the job seeker characteristics of those that received assistance in the year up to 30 June 2005.  Also provided is the demographic distribution of the Newstart and Youth Allowance (other) population at 30 June 2005.
Differing levels of participation are evident in relation to the educational attainment level of job seekers.  Those with a less than Year 10 education are generally less likely to participate in assistance, than their proportion of the Newstart/Youth Allowance (other) population suggest that they might participate.  On the other hand, those with a Year 10 or 11 education level are more likely to participate.  
The proportion of short-term unemployed job seekers (i.e. on income support for less than six months) in Job Search Support is influenced by the proportion of Job Search Support Only job seekers who have had a Vocational Profile done, but may not be on income support.  

Table 3.2: Participation in Job Network assistance by job seeker characteristics: June 20051
	Newstart/Youth Allowance (other) recipients 	Employment Assistance type	
Job seeker characteristics		Job Search 
Support2
(%)	Job 
Placement3
 (%)	Intensive 
Support
(%)	
Age group (years)					
15 to 20 	13.6	23.0	20.6	25.4	
21 to 24	15.1	14.3	17.3	16.4	
25 to 34	23.6	23.4	25.2	22.3	
35 to 49	27.3	27.0	26.1	24.3	
50 or more	20.3	12.2	10.7	11.6	
Total	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	
Duration on income support (months)					
0 to less than 6	28.5	85.5	37.0	63.0	
6 to less than 12	15.8	4.1	17.8	12.1	
12 to less than 24	17.1	4.2	18.9	10.5	
24 to less than 36	9.6	2.3	9.3	5.0	
36 or more	29.0	3.9	17.0	9.3	
Total	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	
Educational attainment					
Less than Year 10	43.3	19.1	20.6	23.2	
Year 10 or 11	29.1	37.2	41.3	39.5	
Year 12	13.7	21.7	19.9	19.2	
Post secondary	13.9	21.9	18.3	18.1	
Total	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	
Gender					
Male	63.9	51.6	65.4	57.4	
Female	36.1	48.4	34.6	42.6	
Total	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	
Equity groups4					
Disability	18.1	5.9	6.9	7.6	
Indigenous	8.9	5.8	5.9	10.2	
CALD5	16.6	16.2	12.3	13.6	
Sole parents	1.9	7.3	3.5	7.8	
1.	Commencements in Job Network employment assistance from 1 July 2004 to 30 June 2005.
2.	Commencements in Job Search Support measured through the demographic distribution of registered Vocational Profiles in the year up to 
30 June 2005.
3.	Demographic breakdown of Job Placements in the year up to 30 June 2005 
4.	Equity groups are not mutually exclusive.
5.	People from Culturally and Linguistically Diverse backgrounds from other than main English Speaking countries.

Source: DEWR administrative systems.

Access to Job Placements
A key performance indicator of Job Network is how it performs across various industries.  Table 3.3 shows vacancies and job placements by industry.  As can be seen, Manufacturing, Retail trade, Property and business services and Agriculture provide a significant source of vacancies and placements for Job Network.  
Differences are shown between vacancy and placement shares.  To some extent they will be due to the fact that the same vacancy may be filled several times depending on the needs of the employer.

Table 3.3: AJS Vacancies and Job Placements by Industry: June 2005
Industry	JNM and JPO initiated Vacancies1
(%)	JNM and JPO
Placement in Job Placement2
(%)	
Agricultural and industrial sector			
Agriculture, Forestry and Fishing	5.2	7.2	
Mining	0.6	0.4	
Manufacturing	15.1	20.9	
Electricity, Gas and Water Supply	0.3	0.2	
Construction	7.9	6.0	
Services sector			
Wholesale Trade	3.8	4.0	
Retail Trade	14.9	11.4	
Accommodation, Cafes and Restaurants	10.4	6.3	
Transport and Storage	3.9	3.0	
Communication Services	1.1	0.9	
Finance and Insurance	0.9	0.5	
Property and Business Services	21.8	30.1	
Cultural and Recreational Services	1.5	0.8	
Personal and Other Services	4.9	4.3	
Government and community sector			
Government Administration and Defence	1.1	0.8	
Education	1.7	0.6	
Health and Community Services	4.9	2.6	

1. 	Vacancies lodged by Job Network member or Job Placement Organisations on Australian JobSeach between 1 July 2004 and 30 June 2005.  Columns may not add up to 100% due to rounding.
2.	Australian JobSearch vacancies filled by Job Network members or Job Placement Organisations between 1 July 2004 and 30 June 2005.  Columns may not add up to 100% due to rounding.  

Source: DEWR administrative systems.

Participation in NEIS
Table 3.4 shows, for a range of job seeker characteristics, the proportion in the eligible population and the proportion commencing NEIS.  This is shown only for those on an eligible allowance, such as Newstart and Youth Allowance (other) and who are 18 years of age or older.  
NEIS is not targeted directly at job seekers with any particular characteristics.  Given the nature of the programme, however, some types of job seekers are less likely to participate in NEIS than  others.  This is particular the case for groups such as youth (those aged 15 to 20) and the equity groups.  On the other hand persons with a post secondary education participate in NEIS at a higher rate than their proportion of the eligible population. 

 Table 3.4: Access to NEIS by job seeker characteristics year to end June 20051

Job seeker characteristics	Eligibility for NEIS2
(%)	Commencement in NEIS
(%)	
Age group (years)			
15 to 20 	11.0	2.5	
21 to 24	17.0	10.9	
25 to 34	24.7	33.9	
35 to 49	27.4	38.8	
50 or more	19.9	13.9	
Total	100.0	100.0	
Duration on income support (months)			
0 to less than 6	25.5	49.4	
6 to less than 12	15.3	26.4	
12 to less than 24	18.4	11.2	
24 to less than 36	10.3	4.8	
36 or more	30.5	8.2	
Total	100.0	100.0	
Educational attainment			
Less than Year 10	40.3	6.0	
Year 10 or 11	29.8	23.6	
Year 12	15.3	20.9	
Post secondary	14.7	49.5	
Total	100.0	100.0	
Gender			
Male	64.4	54.6	
Female	35.6	45.4	
Total	100.0	100.0	
Equity groups3			
Disability	12.5	8.0	
Indigenous	  8.4	1.2	
CALD4	16.9	15.5	
Sole parents	  1.9	4.2	

1.	Commencement of job seekers in NEIS from 1 July 2004 to 30 June 2005. 
2.	Job seekers receiving Newstart and Youth Allowance (Other) and 18 or over as at 30 June 2005. 
3.	Equity groups are not mutually exclusive.
4.	People from Culturally and Linguistically Diverse backgrounds from other than main English  Speaking countries 

Source: DEWR administrative systems.

Participation in Work for the Dole
Table 3.5 shows, for a range of job seeker characteristics, the proportion in the eligible population and the proportion commencing Work for the Dole (WfD). This is shown only for those on the activity tested payments Newstart and Youth Allowance (other) and who are 18 years of age or older. 
Job seekers are required to participate in WfD for up to six months over a twelve month period.  This means that job seekers can participate in a number of different WfD projects and with different CWCs before completing their placement.  Each time a job seeker starts with a CWC, a new commencement is recorded.
Job seekers aged 50 years or more who participate in Work for the Dole are volunteers. 
WfD tends to exhibit different patterns in participation to NEIS with younger job seekers proportionally over-represented in the participating population in relation to their eligibility, while job seekers unemployed for less than six months under-represented.  Again this reflects the unique eligibility requirements of the programme. 

Table 3.5: Access to Work for the Dole by job seeker characteristics year to end June 20051

Job seeker characteristics	Eligibility for Work for Dole2
(%)	Commencement in Work for the Dole
(%)	
Age group (years)			
15 to 20 	11.0	15.3	
21 to 24	17.0	22.0	
25 to 34	24.7	29.4	
35 to 49	27.4	30.9	
50 or more	19.9	2.4	
Total	100.0	100.0	
Duration on income support (months)			
0 to less than 6	25.5	6.1	
6 to less than 12	15.3	27.6	
12 to less than 24	18.4	15.1	
24 to less than 36	10.3	14.2	
36 or more	30.5	36.9	
Total	100.0	100.0	
Educational attainment			
Less than Year 10	40.3	31.8	
Year 10 or 11	29.8	37.2	
Year 12	15.3	17.2	
Post secondary	14.7	13.8	
Total	100.0	100.0	
Gender			
Male	64.4	71.0	
Female	35.6	29.0	
Total	100.0	100.0	
Equity groups3			
Disability	12.5	7.8	
Indigenous	8.4	6.0	
CALD4	16.9	12.5	
Sole parents	1.9	0.9	

1.	Commencement of job seekers in Work for the Dole from 1 July 2004 to 30 June 2005. 
2.	Job seekers receiving Newstart and Youth Allowance (Other) as at 30 June 2005. 
3.	Equity groups are not mutually exclusive.
4.	People from Culturally and Linguistically Diverse backgrounds from other than main English 

Source: DEWR administrative systems.

Section 4: Participation and Outcomes by Region

Participation in labour market assistance by region
This section presents data on participation by job seekers in labour market assistance for the DEWR Labour Market Regions. A map of DEWR regions is included in the Technical Notes of this report. 
Reporting at a regional level is restricted to the main types of Job Network assistance and Work for the Dole.

Table 4.1 provides details of placements in Job Placement jobs and commencements in Job Search Support, Intensive Support and Work for the Dole.
The number of placements and commencements in the various types of labour market assistance will depend on the size of the region, labour market conditions and the relative disadvantage of job seekers in the region. 

Table 4.1: Commencements in labour market assistance by region: June 20051
DEWR Region	Job Search Support
(Number)	Job Placements
(Number)	Intensive Support
(Number)	Work for the Dole
(Number)	
Sydney	88,715	83,417	54,136	12,814	
Hunter and North Coast	37,815	39,669	31,210	7,575	
Illawarra and SE NSW	17,446	19,701	12,848	3,550	
Western NSW	16,415	22,985	13,094	2,585	
Riverina	6,714	11,547	5,058	934	
New South Wales	167,105	177,319	116,346	27,458	
Melbourne	82,956	102,285	57,046	12,306	
Eastern Victoria	12,443	22,887	11,075	2,499	
Western Victoria	21,435	35,866	16,954	4,247	
Victoria	116,834	161,038	85,075	19,052	
Brisbane	75,877	104,551	52,610	10,425	
Southern Queensland	17,137	25,199	14,369	3,481	
Central and Northern QLD	29,059	40,706	22,957	4,228	
Queensland	122,073	170,456	89,936	18,134	
Perth	32,703	44,119	26,007	4,682	
South Western Australia	7,417	10,700	5,376	1,254	
Greater Western Australia	7,216	6,854	6,657	749	
Western Australia	47,336	61,673	38,040	6,685	
Adelaide	27,562	41,593	22,304	4,791	
South Australia Country	11,117	19,642	9,158	1,941	
South Australia 	38,679	61,235	31,462	6,732	
					
Tasmania 	13,462	21,438	11,988	2,627	
					
Northern Territory 	7,624	6,923	7,889	552	
					
Australian Capital Territory 	5,514	5,458	3,419	672	
					
Australia 	518,627	665,540	384,155	81,912	
1.	Commencements in Job Network employment assistance and Work for the Dole from 1 July 2004 to 30 June 2005.

Source: DEWR administrative systems.

Labour market assistance by region
Table 4.2 shows the proportion of Newstart and Youth Allowance (Other) recipients as at June 2005 compared to the proportion of Job Network eligible Job Placements and commencements in Job Search Support, Intensive Support and Work for the Dole.  This is provided on a DEWR regional and State and Territory basis. 
While in most other regions participation levels generally reflect levels of eligibility, both Queensland and Western Australia have higher levels of participation in Job Network than their proportion of the Newstart/Youth Allowance (other) population would suggest. Queensland also has participation levels in Work for the Dole well above their eligible population.  

Table 4.2: Comparison of labour market assistance by region year to end June 2005
DEWR Region	Newstart/ Youth Allowance (Other) recipients1
(%)	Job Search Support2
(%)	Intensive Support2
(%)	Work for 
the Dole2
(%)	
Sydney	16.3	17.1	14.1	15.6	
Hunter and North Coast	8.2	7.3	8.1	9.2	
Illawarra and SE NSW	3.3	3.4	3.3	4.3	
Western NSW	3.3	3.2	3.4	3.2	
Riverina	1.2	1.3	1.3	1.1	
New South Wales	32.3	32.2	30.3	33.5	
Melbourne	16.7	16.0	14.8	15.0	
Eastern Victoria	2.6	2.4	2.9	3.1	
Western Victoria	4.4	4.1	4.4	5.2	
Victoria	23.7	22.5	22.1	23.3	
Brisbane	11.8	14.6	13.7	12.7	
Southern Queensland	5.1	3.3	3.7	4.2	
Central and Northern QLD	3.0	5.6	6.0	5.2	
Queensland	19.9	23.5	23.4	22.1	
Perth	5.9	6.3	6.8	5.7	
South Western Australia	1.5	1.4	1.4	1.5	
Greater Western Australia	1.3	1.4	1.7	0.9	
Western Australia	8.6	9.1	9.9	8.2	
Adelaide	5.9	5.3	5.8	5.8	
South Australia Country	2.5	2.1	2.4	2.4	
South Australia	8.5	7.5	8.2	8.2	
					
Tasmania	3.5	2.6	3.1	3.2	
					
Northern Territory	2.5	1.5	2.1	0.7	
					
Australian Capital Territory	1.0	1.1	0.9	0.8	
					
Australia	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	

1.	Job Seekers receiving Newstart or Youth Allowance (Other) as at 30 June 2005.
2.	Commencements in Job Network employment assistance or Work for the Dole from 1 July 2004 to 30 June 2005.

Source: DEWR administrative systems.

Employment outcomes by region
Table 4.3 shows employment outcomes for job seekers who ceased assistance between 1 April 2004 and 31 March 2005 and achieved by 30 June 2005.  Employment outcomes are for Job Placement, Intensive Support job search training, Intensive Support customised assistance and Work for the Dole.  Job Placement outcomes include both fully Job Network Eligible and Job Search Support Only job seekers.  Outcomes are presented on a DEWR regional, State and Territory and national basis. 

Table 4.3:  Regional labour market post assistance employment outcomes year to end June 20051
DEWR Region	Job Placement2
(%)
	Intensive Support job search training3 (%)	Intensive Support customised assistance3 (%)	Intensive Support4
(%)	Work for 
the Dole3
(%)	
Sydney	64.3	50.0	40.8	40.5	30.1	
Hunter and North Coast	72.6	53.2	45.4	44.9	27.6	
Illawarra and SE NSW	73.9	53.3	45.2	46.1	28.0	
Western NSW	68.5	51.4	41.7	41.5	30.2	
Riverina	75.6	56.8	46.0	45.8	30.7	
New South Wales	68.4	51.5	43.1	42.8	29.2	
Melbourne	68.6	53.7	44.8	44.3	31.4	
Eastern Victoria	63.1	55.7	47.3	46.3	25.1	
Western Victoria	73.5	53.8	47.3	47.9	34.0	
Victoria	68.9	53.9	45.7	45.3	31.1	
Brisbane	72.1	59.9	51.9	53.5	41.3	
Southern Queensland	73.7	55.2	46.3	47.5	32.0	
Central and Northern QLD	72.2	58.3	44.2	45.8	31.9	
Queensland	72.5	58.9	48.7	50.6	37.7	
Perth	74.2	57.7	50.0	49.3	37.8	
South Western Australia	77.2	59.5	51.6	51.6	42.2	
Greater Western Australia	73.5	55.2	38.3	42.8	26.8	
Western Australia	74.8	57.9	48.5	48.9	37.6	
Adelaide	69.9	56.6	48.3	47.6	30.2	
South Australia Country	63.9	56.3	48.2	47.9	29.6	
South Australia	67.9	56.6	48.3	47.7	30.2	
						
Tasmania	65.9	55.3	48.0	44.9	30.3	
						
Northern Territory	73.0	57.7	30.1	35.4	25.7	
						
Australian Capital Territory	83.7	55.4	47.3	46.8	33.3	
						
Australia	70.2	55.0	45.8	45.9	32.3	
1.	Employment outcomes exclude Indigenous job seekers who return to a Community Development Employment Projects (CDEP) after leaving labour market assistance.  
2.	Job Placement outcomes are for job seekers placed in an eligible Job Placement job between 1 April 2004 and 31 March 2005 and outcomes achieved by 30 June 2005.  For job seekers who achieved a Job Placement within three months of leaving labour market assistance such as Intensive Support job search training, Intensive Support customised assistance and Work for the Dole, the outcome is excluded from Job Placement but included under the programme or service they participated in.  
3.	Post assistance employment outcomes relate to job seekers who ceased Intensive Support customised assistance, Intensive Support job search training or Work for the Dole between 1 April 2004 and 31 March 2005 and outcomes achieved by 30 June 2005.  
4.	Job seekers who commenced Intensive Support between 1 July 2003 and 31 March 2004 and left Intensive Support or were receiving Intensive Support assistance for 12 months between 1 April 2004 and 31 March 2005 and outcomes achieved by 30 June 2005.  
Source: The Post Programme Monitoring Survey conducted three months after job seekers cease assistance.

Section 5: Impact on Income Support Recipients

Number of income support recipients
An important goal of employment assistance is to reduce or remove employment barriers experienced by job seekers so they can compete effectively for jobs.  Higher levels of employment assistance are provided to the most disadvantaged job seekers. 
While this report focuses mainly on the outcomes achieved by individual forms of assistance, it is also important to note that other factors, such as administrative changes and economic conditions, also have a significant impact on the number of income support recipients.
Figure 5.1 shows the changes over time in the number of short and long term income support recipients. Many long term recipients (in receipt of Newstart and Youth Allowance (Other) for 12 months or more) will have had a job at some time over the last 12 months.  These job seekers are reclassified as short term recipients only if they remain totally off benefits for a continuous period of more than 13 weeks. 
Hence, long-term recipients should not be confused with the long term unemployed as defined by the Australian Bureau of Statistics.  The long-term unemployed are people currently looking for work who have not had a job that lasted for 2 weeks or more in the last year.
Data on income support recipients shows that in the 12 months to the end of June 2005, the number of people in receipt of Newstart or Youth Allowance (Other) decreased by just under 34,300 to around 568,500 job seekers.  The number of job seekers who were long-term recipients decreased by just under 25,700 while the number of short-term recipients decreased by just under 8,600. 

Figure 5.1: has been removed and replaced with a description of the image to ensure that the information is available to people with various information accessibility needs. The image is included in the PDF version of this publication

1.	Figures quoted in the text are from the Department of Employment and Workplace Relations: “Labour Market and Related Payments a monthly profile, June 2005”.

  Source: Trend series based on data from DEWR administrative system.

Off-Benefit outcomes
An assessment of the impact that assistance has can also be undertaken by looking at the income support status of participants after they leave assistance.  
Figure 5.2 shows the off-benefit status of job seekers three and six months after they had exited employment assistance.  Results are not shown for Transition to Work as a significant proportion of the population are not on income support when they commenced in the programme.  
Off-benefit outcomes are only measured for clients who were in receipt of Newstart and Youth Allowance (other) (i.e. activity tested beneficiaries) when they commenced their employment assistance placement.  Other clients, on non-activity tested benefits have different allowable earnings thresholds and their inclusion has the potential to distort the results.  
The majority of job seekers who move off income support do so for employment, particularly full-time employment.  For most programmes, however, off-benefit outcomes levels are generally slightly lower than employment outcomes levels.  This reflects the fact that three months after exiting an employment assistance placement the proportion of people in part-time work who remain on benefits is somewhat larger than the proportion that have moved off income support for reasons other than employment (e.g. leaving the labour market).  
Three month off-benefit outcomes tend to mirror what is found in relation to employment outcomes, with those programmes that achieve high employment outcomes achieving high three months off-benefit outcomes. Those that achieve high off-benefit outcomes at three months also experience little change at the six month mark.  This indicates that for these programmes the benefits happen relatively shortly after completing the programme.   
For other programmes, particularly those targeted at the more disadvantaged, it is evident that there is a substantial rise in off-benefit levels between three and six months after leaving assistance.  This indicates that the benefit’s from the programmes tends to take longer to materialise for the job seeker.  Notwithstanding this longer lead time, strong off-benefit outcomes are achieved for most programmes.  Most encouraging is the eleven percentage point increase for Work for the Dole from the three to six month point after completing their Work for the Dole placement.

Figure 5.2: has been removed and replaced with a description of the image to ensure that the information is available to people with various information accessibility needs. The image is included in the PDF version of this publication

1.	Job seekers who left assistance between 1 April 2004 and 31 March 2005 and were not on income support three months later.
2.	Job seekers who left assistance between 1 January 2004 and 31 December 2004 and were not on income support six months later.  

Technical Notes

Data sources, sampling, further assistance and survey results
Data Sources
The department uses a number of data sources to determine the outcomes achieved by job seekers during and after they have ceased labour market assistance.  The two main data sources are the Post Programme Monitoring (PPM) survey and the department’s administrative database held within the Integrated Employment System (IES).
PPM surveys have been undertaken since 1987 and are used to assess the labour force and education status of former programme participants three months after they exit assistance.  The IES records details of placements, commencements and paid outcomes for labour market assistance.
Survey Sampling
With the introduction of the Active Participation Model (APM) in July 2003 the PPM methodology was subjected to revision.  Prior to the APM, a full enumeration of clients exiting programmes and not in further assistance was attempted (with the exception of Intensive Assistance and Job Matching which were based on 25% samples).
From July 2003 onwards, the PPM survey uses a sampling approach to assess the performance of all employment assistance.  For all programmes except Job Placement, a 25% sample of clients in the following categories is undertaken:
a) clients found to be on full-rate of Newstart or Youth Allowance(Other) and/or in a subsequent programme placement (also known as ‘further assistance’) at the time they are due to be surveyed;
b) clients who achieved a 13 week payable outcome after receiving assistance under Intensive Support; and
c) clients who have reached 12, 24 or 36 months participation in Intensive Support (IS) without exiting.
The PPM outcome of clients in category (b) is recorded as employed or in education based on the type of payable outcome they achieved.  These clients are only surveyed to obtain supplementary information about their labour force and education status.  A full enumeration of clients not in categories a, b, or c is attempted.
For clients who were placed in a job through Job Placement, a survey of 25% of clients is undertaken.

Further Assistance
A client is defined as being in further assistance if, at the time they are due to be surveyed, the client is found to have commenced a subsequent placement.  Intensive Support itself is not counted as further assistance unless the client moves between providers for whatever reason.
As outlined previously, a 25% sample of clients found to be in further assistance is currently included in the survey.  Prior to the commencement of the APM, clients in further assistance were not surveyed and their outcomes were simply recorded as ‘in further assistance’.  While these clients may have potentially been either in a part time job and/or in education, these outcomes were not captured as these clients were not surveyed.  Under the new sampling methodology these outcomes can now be recorded.
The impact on PPM results of surveying job seekers in further assistance will vary amongst the programmes.  Programmes such as TTW and NEIS will see little impact on their outcomes results given that few of their participants proceeded to further assistance.  For other programs, the impacts will vary, but any variations will generally be modest.
Comparisons with pre-APM outcomes
In addition to the limitations outlined above in the ‘Further Assistance’ section, care should also be taken when comparing outcomes achieved for services delivered under the APM with outcomes for similar pre-APM Job Network services.  This is because similar types of assistance (eg Intensive Assistance delivered under ESC rounds 1 and 2, and Intensive Support customised assistance delivered under the APM), will have differences in client mix and the type, and way, in which services are delivered to clients.
Intensive Support population
The population used for the calculation of IS outcomes includes those clients who, in any given reporting period first: a) exited IS, b) began a 13 week period leading to an outcome or intermediate payment; or c) reached 12, 24 or 36 months participation in IS without exiting.
Clients are surveyed after 12, 24 and 36 months participation to avoid potential biases in the calculation of outcomes results.  If these clients were not surveyed as they progressed through IS, outcomes would be overstated as those not achieving outcomes would remain in assistance and not enter the survey.
In addition, if a client is due to be surveyed during /after their participation in IS, or after participating in ISca or ISjst, and is found to have been surveyed in the last 3 months, then their outcome will be set to the outcome (if it is known) that was obtained when they were surveyed previously.
Survey results
Aside from IS, ISjst and ISca, where PPM results are based on a combination of survey responses and payable outcomes data, all outcome estimates are based on survey responses.  The overall response rate for the PPM survey, at around 60%, provides outcomes estimates that are generally accurate to within plus or minus 1 percentage point at the National level.

Labour Market Assistance Descriptions
Intensive Support stream:  provides individually tailored assistance for up to 42 months for eligible job seekers.  Access to assistance through Intensive Support is immediately at registration for those job seekers identified as highly disadvantaged with the remainder having access to assistance after three months of unemployment.  Under Intensive Support a job seeker can have access to the general Intensive Support assistance, Intensive Support job search training and/or Intensive Support customised assistance.
Intensive Support (IS):  assistance will be provided during periods between ISjst, ISmo and ISca.  During these periods, job seekers will continue to have access to job search assistance and facilities at their Job Network member site, guidance in relation to job search and the regular updating of their vocational profile.  
Intensive Support customised assistance (ISca):  provides for six months of assistance tailored to the jobseekers’ individual needs and to available jobs opportunities.  Job seekers who are most disadvantaged (as determined by their JSCI score) receive immediate access to ISca.  Other job seekers will be eligible to receive ISca assistance after 12 months of unemployment.  
Intensive Support job search training (ISjst):  provides training for up to 100 hours (over three weeks) in job search techniques and job application skills to give unemployed people the skills and confidence to improve their job search skills, motivation and expand their job search networks.  Mature age and Indigenous job seekers have immediate access to ISjst on registration for unemployment allowance.  
Intensive Support mutual obligation (ISmo):  occurs at the same time that a job seeker’s ordinary mutual obligation requirements commence.  The objective of Job Network services during these periods is to ensure that job seekers continue to be actively engaged in job search activities and improving their job prospects.  
Job Placement services refer suitable job seekers to vacancies and canvass and list job vacancies on the Australian Job Search database.  DEWR licensed 

recruitment agencies, Job Placement Organisation (JPOs), are in a position to provide Job Placement service to eligible job seekers. Job Network members are licensed as JPOs. 
New Enterprise Incentive Scheme (NEIS): provides support and training for eligible job seekers who wish to pursue the option of self-employment. 
Indigenous Employment Programme: replaced the Training for Aboriginals and Torres Strait Islanders Programme (TAP) and has several components. It includes Wage Assistance which is a wage subsidy paid to employers over 26 weeks providing on-going employment. In Structured Training and Employment Projects (STEP), employers in the private sector and regional and community based employment sponsor organisations provide jobs, generally involving accredited training or a traineeship. 
Indigenous Employment Centres: help Community Development Employment Project participants find employment.
Work for the Dole: provides assistance for job seekers to develop work habits, generic work skills and work experience by participating in community projects and activities for up to 26 weeks over a 12 month period.
Community Work placements: assist job seekers to gain skills and work experience and provides access to additional benefits such as Training Credits and Passport to Employment after participating in voluntary work for a specified number of hours. 
Transition to Work Programme: helps job seekers who are parents, carers and mature age people 50 years and over entering the workforce for the first time or returning to the workforce after an absence of 2 years or more. 
Training accounts: help mature age and indigenous job seekers who participate in Intensive Support or Indigenous Employment Centres improve their employment prospects through the provision of training. 
Training Credits: provide job seekers who participate in a Work for the Dole or Community Work Placement for between 16 and 26 weeks with a training credit which can be used to pay for additional training.

General Definitions
AJS, Australian JobSearch (http://jobsearch.gov.au): lists all job vacancies notified to the Job Network and provides contact details for Job Network members.  It is available in Centrelink and at Job Network member offices and through the DEWR Internet site (http://www.workplace.gov.au).
Community Development Employment Projects (CDEP) :is a scheme that provides work for Indigenous Australians in community-managed activities that help the individual to acquire skills that benefit the community, develop business enterprises and/or lead to unsubsidised employment.  It usually involves part-time work at the equivalent of the unemployment allowance.  Positive and employment outcomes exclude Indigenous job seekers who return to a CDEP after leaving labour market assistance. 
Community Work Coordinators: are contracted to develop Community Work placements and Work for the Dole projects/activities and manage the placement of eligible job seekers into those projects/activities.
Educational attainment: refers to the highest educational level completed by job seekers. 
Eligible vacancy: is a job vacancy listed on the Australian Job Search database that is eligible for a payment under Job Network.
Further assistance: includes job seekers who proceed to another DEWR or DEST funded employment programme or service within three months of exiting employment assistance. It includes commencements in Intensive Support job search training (ISjst), Intensive Support customised assistance (ISca), New Apprenticeships, NEIS, Work for the Dole, Green Corps, Advanced English for Migrants Programme (AEMP) and the STEP and Wage Assistance components of the Indigenous Employment Policy.  A job seeker who is in the general Intensive Support or Job Search Support streams of assistance are not regarded as being in further assistance.  
Income support recipients: includes job seekers registered with Centrelink as unemployed and in receipt of Newstart Allowance (NSA) or job seekers aged 15 to 24 not in full-time education and in receipt of Youth Allowance (Other) (YA). 

Job Search Support Only (JSSO): refers to those job seekers, irrespective of their income support status, who are eligible for only Job Search Support services and no other form of Job Network services.  JSSO job seekers can renew their registration as unemployed every three months with either Centrelink or their Job Network member. 
Job placements: include placements provided under Job Search Support and job placements under Intensive Support customised assistance.
Fully Job Network Eligible (FJNE): refers to those job seekers who are eligible to receive the full suite of Job Network services.  Any unemployed person receiving Newstart Allowance or Youth Allowance (Other) or another form of qualifying income support payment and young people not in full-time study irrespective of income support are eligible for Job Network assistance.  CDEP participants are also eligible for Job Network services.
Job Seeker Classification Instrument (JSCI): a measurement of a job seeker’s relative disadvantage in obtaining employment – because of their personal circumstance and labour market skills – and is used to determine the level of labour market assistance required. 
People from Culturally And Linguistic Diverse backgrounds (CALD): refers to people from Culturally and Linguistically Diverse backgrounds, where the main language spoken is not English.
Work for the Dole (WfD) commencement: involves a job seeker participating in a WfD activity for up to six months over a 12-month period.  This means that job seekers can participate in a number of different WfD projects and with different CWCs before completing their placement.  Each time a job seeker starts with a CWC, a new commencement is recorded.
Work for the Dole exit: for the purposes of PPM, occurs when a job seeker has a break between CWC placements of more than 3 months and in relation to their last CWC placement in the 12 month period.  Clients exiting WfD will be subsequently surveyed. 

Regional Coverage
Regions used in this report are based on the 19 labour market regions used in contracting for DEWR programmes and services.

DEWR labour market regions

Perth
Southern WA
Greater WA
Northern Teritory
SA Country
Adelaide
Central and Northern QLD
Southern QLD
Brisbane
Western NSW
Hunter and North Coast
Sydney
ACT
Riverina
Illawarra and South East NSW
Eastern Victoria
Melbourne
Western Victoria
Tasmania